单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Chapter 3,3.1 What is Morpheme?,什么是语素？,3.1.1 Morpheme and Morphology,语素和形态学,3.1.2 Types of Morphemes,语素的类型,3.1.3 Morphological change,and Allomorph,形态学的变化和词素变体,We saw that some words can be analyzed into smaller components.,Ex.,chairman chair,man,townhall town,hall,boys boy,-s,checking check,-ing,disappointment dis-,appoint,-ment,1、Morphemes 语素,Definition:,The,smallest,unit,of language in regard to the relationship between sounding and meaning,a unit that cannot be further divided into smaller units without,destroying or drastically,altering the meaning.,语素是最小的语言单位，不能再进一步划分为更小的单位而不破坏或彻底改变其词汇意义或语法意义。
such as:chair,dog,cup and so on.,2.Morphology 形态学,Morphology:,The systematic study of morpheme is a branch of linguistics.形态学是语言学的一个分支It studies the internal structure of words,and the rules by which words are formed.它研究词的内部结构和构造规则E.G.,purify pur(e),-ify,amplify(放大)simplify(简单化),electrify(充电)falsify(伪造),A new verb can be created by adding,-ify,to an adjective.,3.1.1 Morpheme and Morphology,语素和形态学,3.1.2 Types of Morphemes,语素的类型,3.1.3 Morphological change,and Allomorph,形态学的变化和词素变体,1、,Free,morpheme and,Bound,morpheme,自由语素和黏着语素,A.,Freemorphemes,:Those that may occur alone,those which may make up words by themselves.(可以单独出现，独自构成单词。
),E.g.,dog,nation,close,mono-morphemic words（单语素词）.,All mono-morphemic words are free morphemes.,Compounds（复合词）:there are poly morphemic words(多语素词),which,consist,wholly of free morphemes,.,e.g.paymaster,moonwalk,babysit,godfather,sunflower.,B.Bound morphemes(黏着语素):,They cannot occur alone.(不能单独出现),They must appear with at least one different morpheme.（至少有一个不同的语素）,e.g.dog,s,nation,al,dis,close.,distempered,dis temper -ed,bound morphemes,free morphemes,2.Root,affix and stem 词根，词缀，词干,Root,（词根）,:,the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without destroying its,meaning,that,is to,say,it,is that part of the word that is left when all the affixes are removed.,(,词根是构成词的基础成分，不能再作进一步分析而不破坏其意义。
也就是说，把一个词的所有词缀去掉之后的部分就是词根),eg,:,friend,as in,un,friend,liness,.,All words contain a root morpheme.,所有的词都至少包含一个词根词素Roots may be,Free,（自由语素）,:,those that can stand by themselves,eg,:,black in,blackboard,blackbird,;,Bound,（黏着语素）,:,those that cannot stand by themselves,eg,:,-,ceive,in,receive,perceive,conceive,.,B.,Affix,（词缀）,:,is a collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme（the root or stem).词缀是那些只能附着于另一个词素（词根或词干）上的一类语素的总称Normally divided into:,prefix,(,dis-,un,-,)前缀 dislike undo,suffix,(-ize,-tion,)后缀 colonize revolution,Infix（-ee-）中缀 feet,A word,root,prefix,suffix,determine,The meaning of a word,change,The meaning of a word,determine,The characteristic of a word,C.Stem 词干,any morpheme or combination of morpheme to which an inflectional affix can be added.,词干是指能够附加上屈折词缀的语素或语素组合,friends,friend,friendships,friendship,请看课本,54,图,3、,Inflectional affix and derivational affix 屈折词缀和派生词缀,A.Inflectional affixes,very often only add,a minute or delicate grammatical meaning to the stem.屈折词缀常常在词干后面添加一个微小的或微妙的语法意义。
例如：toy,s,walk,s,Jonh,s,Derivational affixes,often change the,lexical meaning.派生词缀常常改变词汇意义.,B.Inflectional affixes do not change the Word class they attach to.屈折词缀不改变词类Derivational affixes might change the word class派生词缀可能改变词类,C,.Inflectional affixes are conditioned by,Nonsemantic linguistic factors outside the word they attach to but within the phrase or sentence.屈折词缀受到的限制是非语义性的语言因素，这一因素在它们所依附的词以外，但是在短语或句子之内Eg.The boy likes to Likes就是由句子的主语决定的Derivational affixes are more often based on simple meaning distinctions.派生词缀更多是根据简单的意义区别。
例如，clever和cleverness之间的选择依赖于我们要谈论性质“clever”还是要谈论处于聪明的状态“cleverness”,D,.Inflectional affixes are mostly suffixes.屈折词缀绝大部分是后缀如：drum,s,walk,s,Mary,s,Derivational affixes can be prefixes or suffixes.派生词缀可以是前缀也可以是后缀E.g.,de,part,on,line,teach,er,work,able,3.1.1 Morpheme and Morphology,语素和形态学,3.1.2 Types of Morphemes,语素的类型,3.1.3 Morphological change,and Allomorph,形态学的变化和词素变体,Allomorph,An allomorph(词素变体)is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.,同一语素在不同环境中出现时的不同表现形式。
Allomorphs in prefixes,morpheme,negative morpheme,in-,morph1:im morph2:ir morph3:il,im,possible,ir,regular,il,legal,A morpheme may take various shapes or forms.,allomorphs,Allomorphs in suffix,morpheme,noun morpheme,-ion,morph1:tion morph2:ation morph3:sion,descrip,tion,moderniz,ation,deci,sion,descri,be,modern,ize,deci,de,-ion/-tion/-sion/-ation,are the,positional variants,of the same suffix.,allomorphs,Other instances are such as the variation of plural forms（复数形式）of nouns:,e.g.s,-es,-en,-ee-,and so on,cat dog,horse,s,z,iz,morpheme,morph,morph,morph,allomorphs,PLURAL,Morphological change形态变化,研究当代词汇与古词汇的不同,inflectional changes in affix,屈折词缀的不同,e.g.第三人称单数做主语一般现在时动词形式,ancient form present form,-eth -s,-es,do do(e)th does,go goeth goes,find findeth finds,The change of verb form and plural form of noun,名词复数形式的变化,seedes/wayes seeds/ways,Thou,ye,yee you,Thy your,第二人称单数,。
