单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Acid Rain,Jinyan Yang,2010-11-14,Nomenclature of Inorganic Compounds,（无机化合物命名法）,New Words&Phrases,1.Names of Cations（阳离子的命名）,元素名称+ion,*如果某元素能形成一种以上的阳离子，则使用斯托克数字（Stock number）来表示其所带电荷（只形成一种阳离子的不必用）例:：Na,+,：sodium ion；Ag,+,：silver ion；Ca,2+,：calcium ion；Al,3+,：aluminum ion；Fe,+,：iron（I）ion；Fe,2+,：iron（II）ion；Fe,3+,：iron（III）ion；,例：NH,4,+,：ammonium ion,2.Names of Anions（阴离子的命名）,1）Monatomic anions（单原子阴离子）：,元素名称的词干+-ide+ion,例：F,-,：fluoride ion（F：fluorine）；,Cl,-,：chloride ion（Cl：chlorine）；,Br,-,：bromide ion（Br：bromine）；,I,-,：iodide ion（I：iodine）,*氰根（CN,-,）和氢氧根（OH,-,）视同单原子阴离子。
CN,-,：cyanide ion；OH,-,：hydroxide ion,2）Oxyanions（Oxoanions）（含氧阴离子，又称酸根离子）：,非氧元素名称的词干+-ate+ion,（译为“*酸根离子”）,例：CO,3,2-,：carbonate ion（C：carbon）；,SO,4,2-,：sulfate ion（S：sulfur）；,SO,3,2-,：sulfite ion；,NO,3,-,：nitrate ion（N：nitrogen）；,NO,2,-,：nitrite ion,*如果某元素能形成一种以上的含氧阴离子，则按以下规则：,a.高（过）*酸根,离子：,per-+,非氧元素名称的词 干+-ate+ion,ClO,4,-,：perchlorate ion；,b.*酸根,离子：,非氧元素名称的词干+-ate+ion,ClO,3,-,：chlorate ion；,c.亚*酸根,离子：,非氧元素名称的词干+-ite+ion,ClO,2,-,：chlorite ion；,d.次*酸根,离子：,hypo-+,非氧元素名称的词干+-ite+ion,ClO,-,：hypochlorite ion；,*,偏*酸根离子：meta-+非氧元素名称的词干+-ate+ion,PO,3,-,（偏磷酸根）：metaphosphate ion,焦*酸根离子：pyro-+非氧元素名称的词干+-ate+ion,3）Anions containing hydrogen（含氢阴离子）：,hydrogen+去掉氢的离子名称,例：HCO,3,-,：hydrogen carbonate ion,3.Names of Acids（酸的命名）：,酸根离子中非氧元素名称的词干+-ic acid,*如果某元素能形成一种以上的含氧酸，则按以下规则：,a.高（过）*酸：per-+酸根离子中非氧元素名称的词干+-ic acid,perchloric acid,b.*酸：酸根离子中非氧元素名称的词干+-ic acid,c.亚*酸：酸根离子中非氧元素名称的词干+-ous acid,d.次*酸：hypo-+酸根离子中非氧元素名称的词干+-ous acid,（从a到d含氧原子数依次递减）,*偏*酸：meta-+酸根离子中非氧元素名称的词干+-ic acid,焦*酸：pyro-+酸根离子中非氧元素名称的词干+-ic acid,例：H,2,SO,4,：sulfuric acid；,H,3,PO,4,：phosphoric acid（P：phosphorus）,4.Names of Bases（碱的命名）：,元素名称+hydroxide,*如果某元素能形成一种以上的阳离子，则使用斯托克数字（Stock number）来表示其所带电荷（只形成一种阳离子的不必用）.,例：NaOH：sodium hydroxide；,KOH：potassium hydroxide,5.Names of Salts（盐的命名）：,不带“ion”的阳离子名称+不带“ion”的阴离子名称,*阳离子的电荷数用斯托克数字（Stock number）来表示（只形成一种阳离子的元素不必用）.,例：CuCl：copper（I）chloride；,CuCl,2,：copper（II）chloride；,CuSO,4,：copper（II）sulfate；,KClO,4,：potassium perchlorate,6.Names of Molecular Compounds（分子化合物的命名）：,正价元素名称+负价元素名称的词干+-ide,*分子中各元素原子的个数用希腊数字前缀来表示.,例：CaO：calcium oxide；,CO,2,：carbon dioxide；,P,2,O,5,：diphosphorus pentoxide；,SF,6,：sulfur hexafluoride；,CO：carbon monoxide,非水化合物名称+表示结晶水个数的希腊数字前缀+hydrate,*常用数字前缀：1.mono-;2.bi-;,3.tri-;4.tetra-;5.penta-;,6.hex(a)-(sex(a)-);,7.hept(a)-(sept(a)-);8.oct(a)-;,9.non(a)-;10.dec(a)-,例：CuSO,4,5H,2,O：,copper（II）sulfate pentahydrate,Translation,1)Acid soot,on the other hand,can fall relatively close to the source of pollution.It is caused when carbon combines with sulphur trioxide from sulphur-rich fuel to form particles of an acid substance which can damage the surfaces it falls on.,2)The transported air pollutants considered in this study result from the emission of three primary pollutants:sulfur dioxide,nitrogen dioxide,and hydrocarbons.,3)As these pollutants are carried away from their sources,they can be transformed through complex chemical processes into secondary pollutants:ozone and airborne fine particles such as sulfate.,4)Despite relatively strict pollution controls mandated for new sources by the Clean Air Act,emissions of both sulfur and nitrogen oxides are likely to remain high for at least the next half century.,5)The pollutants responsible for acid deposition can return to Earth in rain,snow,fog,or dew or as dry particles and gases.,6)Preliminary analyses suggest that about one-third of the total amount of sulfur compounds deposited over the Eastern United States as a whole originates from sources over 500 km away from the region in which they are deposited.,Questions,1)What is acid rain mainly caused by?,2)Why does acid rain rarely fall near the source of the pollution?,3)What are effects of acid rain?,4)What will future emissions depend on?,5)How long does it take pollutants emitted into the atmosphere return to Earth?,Preparation for Unit 9,-Water Environment Basics,See you next week!,。
