

易错点1 主语从句中连接词的误用作句子主语的从句叫主语从句主语从句通常由下列词引导:1. 从属连词that,whether,if等;2. 连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever,whom 等;3. 连接副词how,when,where,why 等that在句中无词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义,又起连接作用,在从句中充当句子成分☛What caused the accident is a complete mystery. 是什么导致该事故完全是个谜☛Whoever comes to the party will receive a present. 所有参加晚会的人都将收到一份礼物特别注意】有时候会用it作形式主语,连接词引导的从句才是真正的主语 易错点2 宾语从句中连接词的误用在句子中用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句引导宾语从句的连接词与引导主语从句、表语从句的连接词大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词、介词及非谓语动词的宾语复习宾语从句应着重注意以下两点:1. 在宾语从句中,引导词whether和if基本一样,但介词后的宾语从句多用whether。
☛It all depends upon whether we can get their cooperation. 这完全取决于我们是否能取得他们的合作2. 动词doubt若用于肯定句,其后的宾语从句常用if/whether引导;若用于否定句或疑问句,则宾语从句用that引导☛I doubt if/whether our football team will win the match. 我怀疑我们这支足球队是否会赢得比赛☛I don’t doubt that he’ll succeed. 我不怀疑他会成功易错点3 表语从句中连接词的误用在复合句中,位于系动词之后作表语的从句叫表语从句引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样,表语从句位于系动词后,有时用as if,as though引导其基本结构为:主语+系动词+ that从句1. that 引导表语从句,无词义,只起连接作用,不可省2. 系动词可以是be, look, seem, sound, appear等3. 主语可以是名词fact, truth, cause, question, explanation, trouble, assumption, belief等,或者代词this, that, these, those, it等。
易错点4 同位语从句中连接词的误用同位语从句是名词性从句(主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、介宾从句)中的主要从句之一,从句作同位语表示与之同位的名词(短语)的实际内容,它的作用相当于名词,对前面的名词(短语)加以补充说明或进一步解释一、在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句它一般跟在某些名词后面,用以说明该名词表示的具体内容☛I heard the news that our team had won. 我听到了我们队获胜的消息二、可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news,idea,fact,promise,question,doubt,thought,hope,message,suggestion,words(消息),possibility等(一般的"抽象"名词均可)☛I’ve come from Mr wang with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon. 我从王先生那里来,他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了三、英语中引导同位语从句的词通常有连词that,whether,连接代词what,who,连接副词how,when,where等。
☛He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题四、有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面,而被别的词隔开,即构成"分隔式同位语从句"☛The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the cit. 他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了特别注意】1. 引导同位语从句的that不能省略☛The idea that you can do this work well without thinking is quite wrong. 你认为不动脑筋就能做好这件工作的想法是完全错误的that从句作idea的同位语)2. 在某些名词(如demand,wish,suggestion,resolution等)后面的同位语从句要用虚拟语气☛There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team. 有一项建议是布朗应该离队3. 引导同位语从句的连词that通常不省略,但在非正式文体中也可以省去。
☛He gabbed his suitcase and gave the impression he was boarding the Tokyo plane. 他拿起了手提箱,给人的印象是他要登上飞往东京的飞机了4. whether 可引导同位语从句,但if不能引导同位语从句,which也不引导同位语从句☛The question whether we should call in a specialist was answered by the family doctor. 我们是否请专家由家庭医生来定 易错点5 连接代词与连接副词的误用解答名词性从句的一个关键点是判断选用何种连接词,这要看连接词在从句中所作的成分:通常连接代词在从句中作主语(what, which, who, whatever, whichever, whoever)、表语(what, which, who, whatever, whichever, whoever)、定语(what, which, whose)和宾语(which, what, whom, whichever, whatever, whomever),而连接副词(when, where, how, why)通常作相应的状语。
when作时间状语,where作地点状语,how作方式状语,why作原因状语名师点睛】"疑问词+ever"与"no matter+疑问词"的区别:"疑问词+ever"可引导名词性从句,还可引导让步状语从句;"no matter+疑问词"只能引导让步状语从句,不能用于引导名词性从句易错点6 名词性从句与其他结构判断错误1. that引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别(1)从句所修饰词的不同:同位语从句所修饰的词通常是少数一些表示抽象意义的名词,如belief, doubt, fact, hope, idea, news, possibility, thought, order, suggestion, wish, answer, information, conclusion, decision, discovery, knowledge, law, opinion, problem, promise, proof, question, report, truth, risk 等定语从句的先行词可以指人、物等2)连接词的作用不同:引导同位语从句的that只起连接作用,不在从句中担任任何句子成分。
whether 和 how 可以引导同位语从句,但不能引导定语从句定语从句中的that既代替先行词,同时在从句中作某个成分(主语或宾语);而同位语从句中的that是连词,只起连接主句与从句的作用,不充当从句中的任何成分3)从句的作用不同:定语从句具有形容词或副词的特点,对先行词起修饰、限定作用,描述先行词的性质或特征,与先行词之间是所属关系同位语从句具有名词的特点,对中心词作进一步补充、解释,是中心词的具体内容☛The news that our team has won the game was true. 我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的 (同位语从句, 补充说明news到底是一个什么消息;that不可代替,一般不省略) ☛The news that had spread all over the world made the man famous.那个已经传遍全世界的消息使得那个人出名了定语从句, news在从句中作had spread的主语;引导定语从句时,that很多时候可以用which / who/whom等来代替,作宾语时可省略) 2. that引导的同位语从句与强调句型的区别that引导的同位语从句用于进一步解释说明中心名词的内容,从句本身是一个非常完整的句子,that起引导作用,在从句中可能不作成分,也可能作一定成分,去掉that后句子不完整;而强调句型是一个句型结构,去掉强调句型的基本框架It is…that…后,句子仍然完整,that是用于强调除人之外的部分(主语、宾语、状语)。
1 主语从句一、主语从句的概念与连接词作主语的从句叫主语从句,它是名词性从句之一引导主语从句的连接词有:1. 从属连词that,whether☛That they were true sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them. 很明显,她们的确是亲姐妹,她们的脸型很相似☛Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚2. 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever☛What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚☛Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎3. 连接副词 where, when, how, why☛How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的,谁也不清楚☛How and why he suddenly disappeared remains a mystery. 他怎么又为什么突然消失仍然是个迷。
特别注意】❶连词that引导的主语从句,通常用形式主语it代替主语从句❷连接代词(副词)引导的主语从句,可以用形式主语it代替主语从句,也可直接放在句首使用主语从句主语从句通常都是放在句首,但有时为了使句子结构平衡,避免"头重脚轻",常用it作形式主语,而把从句放在后面这样就构成了下面一些常用句型:(1)It is + n. / adj. +从句It is a pity/shame that... 遗憾的是……It is possible that... 很可能……It is unlikely that... 不可能……☛It is a pity that she has made such a mistake. 她犯了这样一个错误,真是遗憾2)It +不及物动词+从句It seems/appears that... 似乎……It happened that... 碰巧……☛It seems that they have won the game. 似乎他们赢得了比赛3)It + be +过去分词+从句It is said that... 据说……It is known to all that... 众所周知……It is reported that... 据报道……It is believed that... 据信……;人们相信……It is suggested that... 有人建议……It must be pointed out that... 必须指出……It has been proved that... 已证明……☛It is believed that at least 20 buildings were damaged or destroyed. 据信,至少有二十座楼房遭到破坏或彻底毁掉。
☛It is suggested that the meeting should be put off. 有人建议会议延期召开☛It’s reported that three people were killed in the accident and five were hurt badly. 据报道,事故中三人丧生,五人重伤☛It is known to all that Taiwan is an inseparable part of China. 众所周知,台湾是中国不可分割的一部分 二、主语从句三要素1. 从句用陈述语序☛How he became a great scientist is known to us all. 众所周知他是如何成为一名伟大的科学家的2. 谓语动词一般用单数当主语是从句时,主句谓语一般用单数☛Whatever he says is of no importance. 无论他说什么都不重要☛Whoever says that is wrong. 无论谁说这话都不对特别提醒】但谓语动词用单数还是复数,不可一概而论,而要视句子的意义而定☛What I need is money. 我需要的是钱。
☛What I need are books. 我需要的是书3. 通常不能省略关联词☛That he is the best student in the class is obvious. 很明显,他是班里最好的学生三、学习主语从句应该注意的几个问题1. 引导词that与whatwhat既有引导主语从句的作用,同时又在从句中作句子成分(主语、宾语、表语等)这时what相当于all that/everything that...,常译成"所……的(东西、事情、话等)";而that只起连接作用,本身无实际意义,在从句中也不担当任何句子成分但that引导的主语从句放在句首时,不能省略that☛What is done can’t be undone. 已成定局,无可挽回☛What we can’t get seems better than what we have. 我们得不到的东西似乎比已得到的要好☛That we should work out a plan to deal with the present serious situation is important. 我们应该制订一个计划来应付目前严峻的形势,这一点非常重要。
☛That a new teacher will come to teach us geography is true. 一位新老师将来教我们地理,这是真的2. 引导词if和whether(1)whether之后可以直接跟or not,而if 则不能☛I don’t care whether or not your car breaks down. 我不知道你的车是不是坏了但是不可以说:I don’t care if or not your car breaks down.(2)whether引导的从句一般不可以为否定结构(选择问句的后一部分除外);而if则可以跟否定结构☛I don’t care if she doesn’t come. 我不在乎她来不来但是,在某些动词或形容词之后,则可以用whether引导一个否定结构的句子,这种结构往往表示肯定的含义☛I wonder whether he doesn’t think too much of himself.=I think he does think too much of himself. 我想他没有为自己考虑太多3)在个别动词之后,如discuss 等,只跟用whether引导的宾语从句。
☛They discussed whether they should close the shop. 他们讨论是否应该关掉商店4)whether 可以引导从句作介词的宾语,而if则不能☛I’m not interested in whether they’ll go or not. 我对他们会不会去不感兴趣5)whether可以直接跟动词不定式连用,而if则不能☛I didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry. 我不知道是要笑还是哭6)引导主语从句(包括从句在句首的位置)应当用whether,不用if☛Whether it is true remains a problem. 这是不是真的还是一个问题 3. 其他引导词连接代词who, which, whom, whose有各自的意义,起连接作用,并在从句中充当语、宾语、表语、定语等;连接副词when, where, why, how等有各自的意义,起连接作用,并在从句中充当状语 三、语气在It is necessary / natural / important / strange...+ that-clause这类句型里,that所引导的主语从句中谓语动词用"should +原形",表虚拟语气。
☛It is necessary that the problem should be settled at once. 这个问题必须马上解决☛It’s strange that he should have gone away without telling us. 他竟然没向我们说一声就走了,真是奇怪 四、以it作形式主语的主语从句与强调句型的区别"It be + adj./n. + that-clause"与强调句型均有It be...that...之类的语言标志,但不同的是:(1)前者中的that从句是主语从句若删掉其中的It be和that,则剩余部分不论结构还是语意都不能成为一个句子;但若将后者中的It be和that去掉,则剩余部分的结构和语意仍能构成一个完整的句子2)强调句型译为汉语时可加上"正是……"或"就是……"之类的字眼,而主语从句则不可以请比较下面两个句子:☛It is surprising that Mary should have won first place. 令人惊奇的是玛莉竟然获得了第一名☛It is Mary that has won first place. 正是玛莉得了第一名。
第一句话中的It是形式主语,that引导的是主语从句,句中的It is和that无法删除,一旦删除,句子就不成立;第二句是强调句型,其中的It is和that可以去掉,因为没有It is和that句子仍然完整 2 宾语从句一、宾语从句宾语从句在复合句中起宾语的作用,既可作动词的宾语,也可作介词的宾语(作介词的宾语时必须由wh-疑问词引导)引导宾语从句的连词有that,if,whether;连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which;连接副词when,where,how,why从句引导词的使用:1. 连词that(引导从句,但是在从句中不作成分,that常可省略)☛He knows that Jim will work hard. 他知道吉姆会努力工作的2. 连词if, whether(表示"是否",引导从句,但是在从句中不作成分)【特别提醒】whether和if都有"是否"的意思,一般情况下两者可以换用,但在介词之后、不定式之前、与or not连用、在句首或在引导表语从句同位语从句时,只能用whether☛I want to know if/whether the news is true. 我想知道这个消息是不是真的。
☛He doesn’t know whether to stay or not. 他不知道改不该留下来名师点睛】动词 doubt 用在疑问句或否定句中时,其后宾语从句常用 that 作连接词;用在肯定句中时,连接词用 whether 或 if 皆可,而不用 that☛Do you doubt that he will win? 你怀疑他会赢吗?☛I don’t doubt that your proposition is wrong. 我不怀疑你的提议是错的☛He doubts whether/if I know it. 他怀疑我是否知道这件事3. 连接代词who, whom, which等☛Do you know who (whom) they are waiting for? 你知道他们在等谁吗?☛Do you know which dress fits her best? 你知道哪件连衣裙最适合她吗?4. 连接副词when, where, how, why☛Could you tell me how we can get to the station? 你能告诉我我们怎样才能去车站吗?学习宾语从句要把握三个要点:连接词、语序和时态。
1. 使用宾语从句,连接词的选择至关重要有关连接词的选择可遵循以下规则:(1)如果宾语从句为陈述句,连接词用thatthat本身既没有实际意思,也不在从句中作成分,所以口语中常省略☛I hope (that) you will write to me as soon as possible. 我希望你尽快给我写信2)宾语从句为一般疑问句时,连接词用if或whether,可译为"是否"☛He asked me if(whether) I would go to Beijing by air. 他问我是否乘飞机去北京3)宾语从句为特殊疑问句时,连接词用原疑问词☛He didn’t know how he could get across the river. 我不知道他是怎么过了河的2. 从句的语序无论原句是陈述句、一般疑问句,还是特殊疑问句,在宾语从句中一律使用陈述语序☛The teacher asked if you had finished your homework. 老师问你是否做完作业了☛Can you tell us when the sports meeting will begin? 你能告诉我们运动会何时举行吗?3. 时态的选择(1)如果主句是一般现在时,宾语从句可以是任何所需要的时态。
☛I hear a new restaurant will be opened in the city next month. 我听说这个城市下个月将开一个新饭店2)如果主句是一般过去时,宾语从句要用与其相应的过去的某种时态☛She told us she had borrowed the book from the library. 她告诉我们她从图书馆借的这本书☛He never told me when he would leave. 他从未告诉我他何时离开特别注意】当宾语从句表示的是一个真理或一个永久性的事实时,其时态可不受主句时态的限制,仍用一般现在时☛The teacher said millions of other stars are even bigger and brighter than the sun. 老师说数百万行星都比太阳更大、更亮3 表语从句表语从句在复合句中作句子的表语,通常用在连系动词be,look,seem后引导表语从句的连词有that,as if,as though,whether;连接代词who,what,which;连接副词when,where,how,why等。
需要注意的是表语从句也要用陈述语序1. 从属连词that(一般不省略为好),whether(不用if),as if(though)等引导的表语从句☛The reason (why) she hasn’t come is that (此处不可用because) she has to take her mother to a hospital. 她没来是因为她必须送母亲去医院2. 连接代词what, which, who, whom, whose等引导的表语从句☛This is what I want to say. 这就是我想说的3. 连接副词when, where, how, why等引导的表语从句☛This is how we overcome the difficulties. 这就是我们克服困难的方法☛The question is where we shall have the sports meeting. 问题是我们在哪里开运动会☛It looked as if he had lost something. 看起来他好像丢失了什么东西☛His trouble is how he can get the help he needs. 他的麻烦是如何得到所需要的帮助。
☛His car broke down on the way. That’s why he is late. 他的车坏了,那就是他迟到的原因4 同位语从句一、定义在复合句中作名词的同位语的从句叫同位语从句同位语从句一般放在某些抽象名词的后面,用以解释或说明名词所表示的具体内容二、同位语从句的引导词☛The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people. 很多人对于电脑能够识别人的声音感到非常吃惊☛The question who should go abroad required consideration.谁出国这个问题还要考虑☛I’ve got a pretty good idea why they quarrel every day.我很了解他们为什么天天吵架☛There is no doubt that the prices of computers will go down. 毫无疑问电脑的价格会下降☛They usually write exact instructions how the music is to be played.他们通常还要为如何演奏他们的音乐而写出精确的说明。
☛I have no idea which one is the best. 我不知道哪一个最好☛The question where we should have the sports meeting has not been discussed.还没有决定好我们在哪里召开会议特别注意】1. 如同位语从句意义、结构完整,应用that引导同位语从句即that不充当任何成分,只起连接作用)2. 如同位语从句意义不完整,结构完整,需增加"是否"的含义,应用whether引导同位语从句if不能引导同位语从句)3. 如同位语从句意义不完整,需增加"什么时候"、"什么地点"、"什么方式"等含义,应用连接副词when, where, how等引导同位语从句4. 为了保持句子平衡,同位语从句和名词有时候会被别的词分隔开5. 若被同位语说明的名词是表示建议(如advice, suggestion, proposal)、要求(如demand, request, requirement)、命令(如order)时,同位语从句中的谓语用"should+动词原型"☛He made the suggestion that we (should) start at once. 他建议我们立即开始做。
☛Soon we received the order that we (should )stop fighting at once. 不久我们接到命令说立刻停止争斗拓展延伸】1. whether可以引导同位语从句,if不能☛I have no idea whether they will give us enough help. 我不知道他们能否给我们足够的帮助2.what在同位语从句中要作主语或宾语等成分,that不作成分☛I have no idea what he will give me. 我不知道他要给我什么3. advice, suggestion, proposal, request, requirement, decision, order等表示命令、建议和要求的词后的同位语从句的谓语用"should+do",should可以省略☛The commander gave an order that the troops (should) advance 10 miles. 司令官下达命令让军队前进10英里4.名词doubt(怀疑)后的同位语从句用whether 引导;no doubt(不怀疑)后的同位语从句用that 引导。
☛We have some doubt whether they can complete the task on time. 我们怀疑他们是否能按时完成任务☛We have no doubt that they can complete the task on time. 我们毫不怀疑他们能按时完成任务技巧点拨】名词性从句中连词的选择往往是测试的热点考生若不认真分析,没有一定的方法,常常造成判断上的失误,最终错选了连词如果考生能采取"一分二划三看"三步法对试题加以分析,则会收到良效一、 "一分"即分清从句类型四种从句:①主语从句——从句位于动词前作主语;②宾语从句——从句位于动词后作宾语;③表语从句——从句位于系动词之后作表语;④同位语从句——从句位于特殊的名词,如idea,fact,news 等后补充说明前面的名词二、 "二划"即划分出从句用括号表示从句(主语从句/宾语从句/表语从句/同位语从句)三、 "三看"即看从句句意是否完整1. 句意不完整→缺连接代词①人——who,whoever主语;whom,whomever宾语;②物——what,whatever主语、宾语;which,whichever主语、宾语。
2. 句意完整→缺连接副词①时间——when;②地点——where,wherever;③原因——why;④方式——how3. 缺不作成份的连词①有含义——if, wherther是否;②无含义——that巧学妙记】主语从句口诀主语从句来学习,连、代、副词为语序;whether、that 要熟记,连词if要除外;连接代词也好记,what、who、which要用对,主宾成分要熟记;连接副词更好背,how、why、when、where 一起记,用作状语需翻译宾语从句口诀口诀1:宾语从句三注意,时态、语序、连接词;主句一般现在时,从句时态随句意;主句若是过去时,主从时态要一致;宾从表达是真理,一般现在带过去;连接词也不难,陈述要用that连;一般问句表"是否",if/whether来引导;特殊问句作宾从,疑问词引导就能行;还有一点要说明,陈述语序要记清;主句动词"猜想"词,"否定转移"莫忘记;特殊用法记心间,学好宾从不一般口诀2:宾语从句多方面,多看多记多训练;陈用that特词连,if一般to祈现;do去助词主后边,一主二宾三不变;疑to变简否疑前,时态呼应是关键表语从句口诀表语从句来学习,三个连词特殊记;as if、whether、that 同一类,不作成分不省去;连词if还除外,三个连代是一类;who 和 what 与 which ,仍作主宾需熟记;四个连副一次背,how、why、when、where 相同记,用作状语陈述序。
同位语从句口诀whether、that很简单,不能省去不能换,连代有无不用管,how, when, where只有三,用作状语需要翻。