单击此处编辑母版标题样式,,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,,第二级,,第三级,,第四级,,第五级,,,*,大学英语四级写作专题,,,,菜单,,概述,,四级写作难点分析,,学生写作现状分析,,四级写作得高分技巧,,四级作文解析,,四级考试评分标准,,概述,,大学英语四级新题型考试第一部分是写作，写作写得如何会直接影响以后的做题短文写得 得心应手，对后面的答题可起到事半功倍的作用，否则就有可能功亏一篑四级写作的体裁包括说明文、议论文和应用文写作的素材或要求可以是中文、英文和图表写作字数在120字以上，写作的时间为30分钟，但你应留少量时间作最后的检查写作既考查你的思考判断能力，也考查你的表达能力因此，你应对一些校园、社会新闻和常识有一定的认识和见解，并能够有层次地、结构完整地在文章中清楚表达你的观点四级写作难点分析,,难点一：主观判分，有所影响,,,难点二：体裁多样，难度较大,,难点三：老题新出，千变万化,,,学生写作现状分析,1.理缺词穷,,2.偏爱长句,,3.重复啰嗦,,4.单调无味,,5.结构混乱,,6.错误连篇,,7.无话可说,,学生写作现状分析,第一、英语底子太薄第二、词汇量太小，且对已学词汇记忆不清。
第三、缺乏思想，深度不够第四、缺乏应试技巧四级写作高分技巧,,一、卷面整洁，书写清楚二、构思简单，少犯错误三、中心突出，层次分明四、固定经典，名言注目五、重在变化，宁简勿滥一、文章的基本结构,,二、写作实例分析,四级作文解析,,文章的基本结构,,概论,,文章的基本结构,,写作的三段论模式,,一、概论,,文章是由段落构成，而段落的基本结构是由主题句、支撑句和结尾句所构成，它的具体结构可以用以下的图表加以表示：,1/2,,二、文章的基本结构,,2/2,,写作的三段论模式,,大学英语四级写作通常采用三段论模式，即：,,开头段(introduction),,主体段(body paragraph),,结尾段(conclusion),,(一)开头段,,开头段概论,,常用的开头段的表达方法,,开头段的常用核心句型,,开头段概论,,对于大学英语四级的写作考题来说，限于篇幅，其开头段一般都不长然而，这寥寥几句话却占有十分重要的地位，它表达的是整篇文章的主题思想在议论文中，我们称之为中心论点，它起到驾驭全文的作用一个意义清晰、明确的开头段，将有助于读者理解全文；一个精彩、新颖的开头段还能激起读者的阅读欲望。
常用的开头段的表达方法,,使用引语（use a quotation）,,引用具体或粗略的数据 （use figures or statistics）,,提出问题（ask a question）,,给出具体实例或报道（offer relevant examples or reports）,,定义法（give definition）,,主题句法（use of topic sentence）,,常用的开头段的表达方法,,●使用引语（use a quotation） 使用一段名人名言，或人们常用的谚语、习语，以确定文章的写作范围和方向 如： “Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity, but to make them.” Colton, a great writer once remarked. But it still has a profound significance now. To a person, in whose lifetime opportunities are not many, to make opportunities is more essential to his success. 分析：开头引用Colton的名言说明“创造机会”对于成功的重要性，点明主题。
常用的开头段的表达方法,,●引用具体或粗略的数据 （use figures or statistics） 当然对于图表题型，该种方法是必须的选择，具体做法是给出一些具体或粗略的数据，然后作出概括性分析，点明主题或引出需要论述的问题 如： As is demonstrated in the table, more and more college graduates are out of a job in our country, which is a serious problem to our economic development and social security. It is estimated that in 2004, there are 500,000 unemployed graduates, more than 30% higher than in 2002. 分析：文章引用2004年找不到工作的毕业生达到50万这一数据来说明大学生找工作难这一现象的严重性，很有说服力常用的开头段的表达方法,,●提出问题（ask a question） 提出有争议或探讨性的具体问题，然后加以简要回答或展开引导性简短讨论。
如： What do you want from your work Money Promotions Interesting challenges Continual learning Work-based friendships The opportunity to develop your own idea and potentials Though we are all individuals and so our answers will differ, all agree that work provide more than material things. 分析：文章开头提出“你想从工作中得到什么”这一问题，然后自问自答，指出工作除了物质利益，还可以给我们带来很多其它收获这一结论常用的开头段的表达方法,,●给出具体实例或报道（offer relevant examples or reports） 给出具体生活实例或新闻报道 如： As regards the stress for college students, there has been a heated discussion among the public in the society. It was reported that a student killed four of his classmates just because of a trivial matter. It can be easily seen that pressure has become a serious issue we cannot neglect. 分析：文章通过引用新闻报道的一个实例，说明了大学生心理问题的严重性。
常用的开头段的表达方法,,●定义法（give definition） 针对讨论的主题或问题加以定义，然后进行深入探讨 如： As we all know, practice makes perfect. This is an accumulated experience we inherit from our forefathers, and now it is still widely applied to our daily life. It means that the more we practice, the more likely we are going to do things perfectly. 分析：文章用It means that这一句型，说明了practice makes perfect的含义常用的开头段的表达方法,,●主题句法（use of topic sentence） 文章一开始就以主题句点明全文主题，然后围绕主题内容进行发展 如： Nowadays one of the serious problems China is faced with is the increasing illiteracy among the adolescents. According to a recent survey by Dr. Li, dean of Educational Department of Beijing Normal University, about 18% of the children between 8 and 15 years old have dropped out of school across the country. 分析：文章开头即提出中国的文盲现象日益严重这一问题，然后再用实例数据加以佐证。
开头段的常用核心句型,,● As opposed to generally accepted views, I believe that … ● The arguer may be right about …, but he seems to neglect to mention the fact that …. ● Although it is commonly agreed that …, it is unlikely to be true that …. ● There is an element of truth in this statement, but it ignores a deeper and more basic fact that …. ● In all the discussion and debate over …, one important fact is generally overlooked.,,开头段的常用核心句型,,● On the surface （At first thought）, it （this） may seem a sound （an attractive） suggestion （solution / idea）, but careful weighing on the mind （on closer analysis / on second thought）, we find that … ● Although many people believe that …, I wonder whether the argument bears much analysis,,开头段的常用核心句型,,● The danger （problem / fact / truth / point） is that…. ● I agree with the above statement because I believe that ….,,● There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of …. Those who object to … argue that …. But people who favor …, on the other hand, argue that….,,开头段的常用核心句型,,● Currently （In recent years / In the past few years / For many years now）, there is （has been） a（n） general （widespread / growing / widely held） feeling towards （concern over / attitude towards / trend towards / awareness of / realization of / illusion of / belief in）…. ● As far as I am concerned, however, I believe that …. ● Now it is commonly （widely / generally / increasingly） believed （thought / held / accepted/ felt / recognized / acknowledged） that …. But I wonder （doubt） whether …,,(二)主题段,,主体段概述,,主体段段落扩充方法,,主体段概述,,主体段的写作方法是多种多样的，而不同的方法会产生不同的效果，不同的方法需用不同的组织形式。
因此，在动笔之前，必须先选择好所采用的方法，然后根据自己所选的方法确定相应的结构形式，才能把文章写好主体段段落扩充方法,,一、,列举法（Listing）,,二、,举例法（Exemplification）,,三、,分类法（Classification）,,四、,比较对照法（Comparison and Contrast）,,五、,因果法（Cause and Effect）,,列举法（Listing）定义,也叫枚举法是一种在主题句中提出论点，然后列举一系列论据或原因对主题进行论证或阐述的方法列举的顺序可以按照所列各点内容的相对重要性、时间、空间顺序等进行列举法作文例子,To get the most out of your textbook you should follow several steps very carefully. First, you should make a preliminary survey of each book to get a general idea of what the book contains. Second, you should read for deeper understanding and formulate questions as you read. Next, make notes of the major point of each chapter. Then, test yourself to be sure that you can answer questions likely to be raised in class or in examinations. Finally, review your notes and reread any parts of the book that are unclear to you.,,常用于列举法的过渡连接词,,first, second, third, etc.; in the first place, in the second place; first of all, first and foremost; to begin with, to start with; for one thing, for another; also, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition, what is more; above all; next; beyond that; initially; eventually, last but not least…..,,举例法（Exemplification）定义,作者通过举出具体事例来阐述、说明主题句的内容。
严格地讲，举例法也是列举法的一种，它们的区别在于：列举法侧重罗列事实，所列事实力求全面；而举例法侧重通过举出典型事例来解释作者的观点，且事例可多可少举例法作文例子,There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes. For example, those who enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games. For another example, if they prefer to exercise alone, they can have a run or take a walk in the morning or in the evening. Besides, people can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the winter. In short, no matter what their interests are, people can always find more than one sport that is suitable to them.,,举例法中常见的过渡性词语,,for example, for instance, as an example, as an illustration, such as/ such, a case in point is, to illustrate, in particular, specifically, say, next, namely, that is, like, take … as an example, etc.,,分类法（Classification）,定义,在阐述某一概念的段落中，常用分类法。
通过对概念中所包括的事物进行分门别类地叙述，使读者有更为清晰的认识分类法作文例子,Ever since humans have lived on the earth, they have made use of various forms of communication. Generally, this expression of thoughts and feelings has been in the form of oral speech, when there is a language barrier, communication is accomplished through sign language in which motions stand for letters, words and ideas. Tourists and the people unable to hear or speak have had to resort to this form of expression. Many of these symbols of whole words are very vivid and exact and can be used internationally; spelling, however, cannot. Body language transmits ideas or thoughts by certain actions, either intentionally or unintentionally. A nod signifies approval, while shaking the head indicates a negative reaction. Other forms of language can be found in signal flags, Morse code and picture signs.,,常见的用以分类的词语,,动词：sort (into), divide (into), classify, group, fall into, etc.,,名词：sorts, classes, groups, categories, types, kinds, aspects, etc.,,比较对照法（Comparison and Contrast）,定义,比较对照法由比较和对照两部分组成，但两者往往一起用以阐述两者或者更多事物间的异同，常用于说明文和议论文写作。
比较描述的是所比对象的相同、类似点，而对照则强调所描述对象之间的不同，甚至相反之处常用的比较对照的结构模式有两种，即整块比较法和逐点比较法在整块比较法中先集中描述A，再集中描述B其模式为：A1、 A2、 A3……B1、 B2、 B3……,,第一种模块例子,,Computers have both favorable and unfavorable aspects.,,First, computers can calculate. They can make work more efficient for they have a high speed of calculation. Besides, people can communicate with each other by E-mail, which costs people less money and less time. Most important of all, computers create wide communication around the world. People can communicate with each other via the Internet. They can make friends all over the world.,,But every coin had two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. To begin with, since computers can do a lot of work for us, such as calculation, we may rely too much on then and become lazier and lazier. To make matters worse, although it is convenient for people to communicate with each other by E-mail, the original warm relationship may become cold, for people will have fewer opportunities to talk to each other face to face. Worst of all, computers can spread viruses caused by electronic hackers resulting in a lot of important information being lost.,,第二种模块及例子,,逐点比较法是A、B双方同时逐点描述，其模式为：,,A1 B1 A2 B2 A3 B3……例如：,,A proverb says, “Like father, like son.” But the proverb doesn’t seem to fit my grandfather and my father because they have more differences than similarities.,,First, my grandfather is introverted, while my father is extroverted. We can easily read what is on my father’s mind, but it is hard to find out what my grandfather is thinking about. Next, my grandfather is always indifferent to children. He seldom talks with children and the children are somewhat afraid of him. In contrast, my father is very warm-hearted to children. He likes to talk with them, so the children in my family all like him. Finally, my grandfather is obstinate. Once he had made a decision, he never changes it. However, my father, even after he has made a decision, will ask others for opinions. If he thinks the opinions are reasonable, he might change his mind.,,Although my grandfather and my father resemble each other very much in appearance, they differ in character, thinking and behavior.,,常见的比较对照的过渡性词语,,常用的表示比较的过渡性词语有：,,similarly, likewise, correspondingly, in a similar way, in the same way, too, like, resemble, similar to, equal to, equally, important, both…and…, the same as,,常用的表示对照的过渡性词语有：,,on the one hand, on the other hand, on the contrary, in/ by contrast, in contrast to, in sharp contrast, conversely, otherwise, however, nevertheless, but, yet, (al)though, even though, whereas/ while, it is true…but, instead, unlike, rather than, in spite of, contrast with, differ(ent) from, contrary to,,因果法（Cause and Effect）定义,,因果法经常用以阐述原因，回答“为什么”这类问题，分析事物发展的前因后果，也多见于说明文和论述文。
因果关系的普遍性决定了因果关系的复杂性，通常因果关系模式有一因一果、一因多果、一果多因和多果多因等，而以因果方式扩展段落时通常可采用先因后果或先果后因的一因多果或一果多因模式，其中的多因或多果用通常以枚举方式列举因果法作文例子,,The role of women in today’s society is changing. One reason is that women have begun to assert themselves as independent people through the women’s movement. Also, women are aware of the alternatives to staying at home. Another reason is that increasing numbers of women who enter new fields of interest serve as role models for other women. Moreover, men are becoming more conscious of the abilities of women and have begun to view their independence positively.,,常用的表示因果关系的过渡性词语,,because, as, since, for, owing to, because of, due to, on account of, as a result of, for the reason, result from, thus, so, therefore, accordingly, consequently, for this reason, on that account, as a result, as a consequence, it follows that…, result in, contribute to,,（三）结尾段,,结尾段概述,,常用的结尾段的表达方法,,结尾段常用的的核心句型,,结尾段概述,,开头和结尾往往是读者注意最多的部分。
开头引起读者注意，提出主题；结尾与开头呼应，使读者感觉全文论述完整，圆满结束从某种意义上来说，结尾更容易给读者留下深刻印象人们常把好的文章结尾称作是“画龙点睛”，可见结尾部分对整篇文章所起的作用常用的结尾段的表达方法,,总结归纳,,重申主题,,预测展望,,提出建议,,提出问题,,引用格言,,,常用的结尾段的表达方法,,● 总结归纳 简要总结归纳文章要点，以便深化主题印象如： In conclusion I would like to say that children need to be understood but children also need to understand their parents. It is only when parents and children come to understand each other that we can solve problems effectively and narrow the generation gap. 分析：文章通过in conclusion引出对前面所作论述的归纳，使主题更加明确常用的结尾段的表达方法,,● 重申主题 再次强调和确定文章开头阐述的中心思想。
如： Admittedly, science has created atomic bombs and produced pervasive pollution. But it has transformed the lives of millions of people. It has multiplied man’s energy, hopes, ambitions and understanding. It has elevated and will continue to elevate man intellectually and spiritually. 分析：文章对前文的观点进行了重复，使之更加鲜明常用的结尾段的表达方法,,● 预测展望 立足当前，放眼未来如： So to sum up, we should offer our help to all who are in need. We expect to get love from others and we also give love to others. I believe that the relationship between people will be harmonious and our society will be a better place for us to live in. 分析：文章通过对未来积极的展望，说明了爱在生活中的重要性。
常用的结尾段的表达方法,,● 提出建议 提出解决问题的途径、方法或呼吁人们采取相应的行动如： As the issue plays such a key role in our society, sufficient attention should be paid from both the government and the public. The government should make sure that the census is well carried out and the people should be actively involved in the census. 分析：文章在结尾从政府和公众两个角度提出建议，以保证人口普查的顺利进行常用的结尾段的表达方法,,● 提出问题 提出具有发人深省的问题，从而突出中心思想如： Old people may choose to live alone for themselves and even embrace this living pattern. But in the deep part of their hearts, they must feel lonely. They need their children to stay with, to talk with, and take care of them. Why can’t young people think of the days when they are getting old 分析：文章最有用一个反问句“年轻人为什么不想想自己年老时的情形”来提醒他们将心比心，设身处地，去关心父母双亲。
常用的结尾段的表达方法,,● 引用格言 用格言、谚语或习语总括全文中心思想如： Many yeas ago, a great philosopher Francis Bacon remarked that “Knowledge … is power.” This can now be translated into contemporary terms. In our social setting, “Knowledge is change”—and accelerating knowledge-acquisition, fueling the great engine of technology, means accelerating change. 分析: 文章借用培根“知识就是力量”名言的结构，指出“知识就是变化”以深化主题，给读者留下深刻的印象结尾段常用的的核心句型,,● From what has been discussed above （Taking into account all these factors / Judging from all evidence offered）, we may safely draw （reach / come to / arrive at） the conclusion that …. ● All the evidence （analysis） supports （justifies / confirms / warrants / points to） a （n）unshakable （unmistakable / sound / just） conclusion that …. ● It is high time that we place （lay / put） great （special / considerable） emphasis on the improvement （development / increase / promotion） of ….,,结尾段常用的的核心句型,,● It is high time that we put an end to the deep-seated （unhealthy / undesirable / deplorable） situation （tendency / phenomenon） of …. ● We must look （search / call / cry） for an immediate action （method / measure）,because the present （current） situation （phenomenon / tendency / state / attitude） of …, if permitted （allowed） to continue （proceed）, will surely （certainly） lead to （result in） the end （destruction / heavy cost） of ….,,结尾段常用的的核心句型,,● There is no easy （immediate / effective） solution （approach / answer / remedy） to the problem of …, but … might be useful （helpful / beneficial）. ● No easy method （solution / recipe / remedy） can be at hand （found / guaranteed） to solve （resolve / tackle） the problem of …, but the common （general / public） recognition of （realization of / awareness of / commitment to） the necessity （importance / significance） of … might be the first step towards change （on the right way / in the right direction）.,,结尾段常用的的核心句型,,● Following these methods （suggestions） may not guarantee the success in （solution to）…, but the pay-off will be worth the effort. ● Obviously （Clearly / No doubt）, if we ignore （are blind to） the problem, there is every chance that …. ● Unless there is a common realization of （general commitment to） …, it is very likely （the chances are good） that ….,,结尾段常用的的核心句型,,● There is little doubt （no denying） that serious （special / adequate / immediate / further） attention must be called （paid / devoted） to the problem of …. ● It is necessary （essential / fundamental） that effective （quick / proper） action （steps /measures / remedies） should be taken to prevent （correct /check / end / fight） the situation （tendency / phenomenon）.,,结尾段常用的的核心句型,,● It is hoped that great efforts should be directed to （expended on / focused on） finding （developing / improving） …. ● It remains to be seen whether …, but the prospect （outlook） is not quite encouraging （that rosy）. ● Anyhow, wider （more） education （publicity） should be given to the possible （potential / grave /serious / pernicious） consequences （effects） of ….,,结尾段常用的的核心句型,,● To reverse （check / control） the trend （tendency） is not a light task （an easy job）, and it requires （demands / involves / entails） a different state of mind towards （attitude towards / outlook on） …. ● For these reasons, I strongly recommend that …. ● For the reasons given above, I feel that ….,,二、写作实例分析,,议论文,,说明文,,应用文,,,议论文,,概论,,议论文段落结构,,议论文案例（1）,,议论文案例（2）,,概论,,议论文的第一种形式是要求考生针对某一有争议性的两种观点，来阐述自己的立场，或对这一问题反映出的某一观点进行驳斥，然后提出自己的看法并加以论证。
它的基本形式是：一些人认为……；另一些人认为……；我的看法……这种文章的基本结构如下：,,,议论文段落结构,,Paragraph 1 Introduction(启),,Paragraph 2 Analysis(承),,Paragraph 3 Conclusion(转合),,议论文案例(1),,例如：,,1.一些人认为数据库威胁个人隐私,,2.另一些人认为数据库有利于提高工作效率,,3.我的看法,,My view on Data Collection,,My view on Data Collection,,Data collection is a fact of modern life. Some argue that data collection is endangering the rights of individuals, though others see it as a useful tool which increases efficiency. (启)To be frank, I believe data collection does more good than harm. (作者观点),,My view on Data Collection,,For one thing, databases provide a very useful tool. Large databases which contain information on many individuals can enable more effective decisions to be made. Institutions such as government departments and police rely on data collection in order to operate efficiently, and hospitals use computerized records to help in their fight against disease. (承1),,My view on Data Collection,,For another, databases stored on computer can also be very efficient. Data which has been collected in one area can be sent anywhere in the world almost instantly. This means that those who have legitimate access to this data can work very efficiently. (承2),,,My view on Data Collection,,In summary, data collection on individuals can be justified, although all possible measures should be taken to minimize the risks. (转合),,议论文案例(2),,议论文的第二种形式是要求考生针对某一有争议性的观点，表明自己的观点(同意或是不同意)，并提出相应的论证。
如：,,Direction: It is very important that children should study hard at school. Time spent playing sport is time wasted. Do you agree or disagree? Give your reasons.,,议论文案例(2),,We could argue that children go to school to study so that they may become fully productive adults and good citizens. We should ask whether playing sport helps children to become better people. If so, sport is not a waste of time. (启),,议论文案例(2),,It is generally believed that students need more than the knowledge of a subject. They need to know how to work in groups to achieve a mutual goal, how to work as a team. Where better to learn those skills than on the sports field? Any of the team sports involve coordination with other players, understanding and adopting a team mentality. These skills are too useful to be ignored. (承1),,议论文案例(2),,Moreover, it is important that people be healthy, and good health is not so easily achieved in a sedentary society. Sport gets students outside and gives them good reason to run about, thus countering hours spent sitting still. (承2),,议论文案例(2),,So Although school studies are undeniably important, we should reg。
