单击此处编辑母版标题样式,,*,,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,,第二级,,第三级,,第四级,,第五级,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,,第二级,,第三级,,第四级,,第五级,,*,,*,Unit 4,International Risks,,,Warm-up Activities,I. Pair works,,,What do you know about international risks? Think about the types of international risks and with your partner.,II. Group work,,,Work in small groups, discussing what international risk is the most serious one in international business.,,,III,．,Think about and then make a list of international risks you know in the world today.,,Economic risks,, Risk of concession in economic control,, Risk of insolvency of the buyer,, Risk of non-acceptance,, Risk of protracted default i.e. the failure of the buyer to pay off the due amount after six months of the due date,, Risk of Exchange rate,Political risks,, Risk of non- renewal of import and exports licenses,, Risks due to war,, Risk of the imposition of an import ban after the delivery of the goods,, Surrendering of political sovereignty,,Buyer Country risks,, Changes in the policies of the government,, Exchange control regulations,, Lack of foreign currency,, Trade embargoes Commercial risk,, A bank's lack of ability to honor its responsibilities,, A buyer's failure pertaining to payment due to financial limitations,, A seller's inability to provide the required quantity or quality of goods,,Others Risks,, Cultural differences e.g., some cultures consider the payment of an incentive to help trading is absolutely lawful,, Lack of knowledge of overseas markets,, Language barriers,, Inclination to corrupt business associates,, Legal protection for breach of contract or non-payment is low,, Effects of unpredictable business environment and fluctuating exchange rates,, Sovereign risk - the ability of the government of a country to pay off its debts,, Natural risk,–,due to the various kinds natural catastrophes, which cannot be controlled,,Text analysis,1. Some of the rogue countries may have all the natural minerals but the risks involved in doing business in those countries exceed the benefits.,,有些国家拥有天然矿产，但和这些国家进行贸易，风险大于收益。
rogue,,n.,流氓；小淘气；凶猛的离群兽；（尤指植物的）劣种,,vi.,游手好闲；去劣；流浪,,vt.,欺诈；去劣,,adj.,（野兽）凶猛的,,例,: Washington insists its shield plan is not directed against Russia but threats from ",rogue,states" such as Iran.,,但美国坚持说，其防御计划不是针对俄罗斯，但威胁来自,“,无赖国家,”,如伊朗Washington says the facilities are not directed against Russia but are needed to protect against what it calls,rogue,states, particularly Iran.,,华盛顿方面称，这些设备并不直接指向俄罗斯，但却是对抗所谓,“,流氓国家,”,，尤其是伊朗所必须的The key factor for Chinese shares now is not the subprime crisis or more,rogue,traders, they believe, but how the government responds.,,他们认为，中国股市目前的关键因素不是次贷危机或更多流氓交易员，而是政府如何反应。
mineral,,n.,矿物；（英）矿泉水；无机物；苏打水（常用复数表示）,,adj.,矿物的；矿质的,,例：,The country possesses rich,mineral,resources.,,这个国家有丰富的矿产资源Or they could be trained to use weeds as indicators of the soil's,mineral,properties to help them manage nutrients.,,或者可以训练他们使用杂草作为土壤矿物属性的指示器，从而帮助他们管理营养物质When these surfaces came into contact with the magnetite, an oxygen atom could be transferred from quartz to magnetite, forming a new,mineral,, hematite.,,当这些表面和磁铁矿一接触，氧原子就能从石英砂转移到磁铁矿，形成了一种新的矿物，赤铁矿Phrase,,mineral green,石绿；孔雀石绿；铜绿；碳酸铜,,mineral paragenesis[,矿物,],,,矿物共生,,radioactive mineral [,矿物,],,,放射性矿物；,[,矿物,],,,放射矿物；,[,矿物,],,,辐射性矿物,,antistress mineral,反应力矿物,,normative mineral,标准矿物；尺度矿物,,artificial mineral,人造矿物,,saturated mineral,饱和矿物,,mineral crystal,矿物晶体；天然水晶；矿石水晶；矿物水晶,,Mineral Oils,矿油；矿物油,,Text analysis,2. Porter defines them as: threat of new entrants in the industry, threat of substitute goods and services, intensity of competition within the industry, bargaining power of suppliers, and bargaining power of consumers.,,波特将他们定义为：对于该产业新进入者的威胁、对于替代品和服务的威胁、该产业的竞争强度、供应商的议价能力以及消费者的议价能力。
entrant,,n.,进入者；新会员；参加竞赛者；新工作者,,例：,That's because only a few system calls can be safely called inside signals. Only calls that are re-,entrant,or not interruptible by signals can be called safely.,,那是因为只有一些系统调用可以安全地调用内部信号：只有可重入的（,re-,entrant,）或者不被信号中断的调用才可以被安全地调用Small, local organizations -- churches, temples, mosques, service clubs -- may offer money each year with few takers, or at least none as brilliant as your,entrant,.,,小规模、当地组织,--,教堂、寺庙、清真寺、服务型社团,--,每年会向一些人提供资金，至少你得竞争者没有你这么聪明So many companies were eligible for this as a result of brutal mass sackings in the past few months that the judges decided it would be unfair to single out any individual,entrant,.,,过去几个月期间大量的野蛮裁员行为导致许多公司都有资格获取本奖项，鉴于此，评委们认为挑出某个单独的入围者有失公允。
substitute,,n.,代用品；代替者,,vi.,替代,,vt.,代替,,例：,Nothing could,substitute,for mother's milk.,,什么也替代不了母乳But efficiency is no,substitute,for pleasure.,,但效率是不快乐的替代品It's okay to,substitute,vegetable oil for butter.,,用植物油代替黄油也一样Phrase,,substitute for,代替，取代,,substitute fuel,代用燃料,,substitute material,代用材料，代用品,,substitute teacher,代课老师,,blood substitute [,医,],血液代用品,,,intensity,,n.,强度；强烈；,[,电子,],亮度；紧张,,例：,When a surface is perpendicular to the rays, their,intensity,is at its maximum.,,当表面与射线垂直时，射线的强度最大Now at any point in the day starting at 5 in the morning, there can be that same level of,intensity,and pressure to get something out.,,现在，在一天中从早晨,5,天开始的的任何时刻，找出一些有意义的事物那种强度和压力的程度可能是相同的。
And they can help us understand more about the frequency,,intensity,and duration of storms.,,它能帮助我们更好的了解暴风雨天气的频率、强度和持续时间Phrase,,high intensity adj.,高强度的,n.,高强度,,labor intensity,劳动强度，劳力投入密集度,,light intensity,光强度,,stress intensity,应力强度,,intensity distribution,强度分布；强度分析；亮度分布,,,Phrase,,asset management,资产管理,,fixed asset [,经,],固定资产,,intangible asset n.,无形资产,,asset value [,经,],资产价值,,fixed asset investment,固定资产投资,,financial asset,金融资产,,net asset,净资产,,capital asset,资本资产；固定资产,,asset class,资产类别；资产种类,,net asset value,资产净值，财产净价值,,asset valuation,资产估价，资产估值,,,aid,,n.,援助；帮助；助手；帮助者,,vt.,援助；帮助；有助于,,vi.,帮助,,例：,We had to berth our ship without the,aid,of tugboats.,,我们只好在没有拖船帮助的情况下使我们的船停到泊位。
We will,aid,their struggle against violent repression.,,我们将帮助他们反抗残暴的压迫While in the past we stressed,aid,, now we stress economic cooperation.,,我们过去侧重提供援助， 现在强调经济合作Phrase,,with the aid of,在,…,的帮助下，在,…,援助下,,give aid to,给,…,予帮助,,first aid,急救；急救护理,,aid in,帮助；帮助（在,...,给予帮助）,,financial aid,经济援助；助学金；财政补助,,Text analysis,4. The breakdown of machineries, supply and demand of the resources and products, shortfall of the goods and services, lack of perfect logistic and inventory will lead to inefficiency of production.,,机械故障、原材料和产品的供给与需求、产品和服务的短缺、库存短缺都会导致低效生产。
breakdown,,n.,故障；崩溃；分解；分类；衰弱；跺脚曳步舞,,例：,This shows you the response time,breakdown,for each page element.,,这将针对每个页面元素显示响应时间分解Small shippers are most often disserviced by transportation,breakdown,.,,小件托运者往往因运输故障而受损To capture response time,breakdown,data, you must enable it in a test or schedule, and configure the amount of data to be captured.,,为了捕获响应时间分解数据，您必须在一个测试或者调度中启动它，然后配置将要捕获的数据的信息Phrase,,breakdown voltage [,电,],击穿电压,,work breakdown,工作分解,,work breakdown structure,工作分解结构,,nervous breakdown,精神崩溃,,breakdown strength,破坏强度；击穿强度,,,machinery,,n.,机械；机器；机构；机械装置,,例：,We should send a man to superintend the erection of,machinery,.,,我们应派一个人去监督机器的安装。
China will host an exhibition of international garment,machinery,.,,中国将主办国际服装机械展览会This factory has phased in new,machinery,for increased automation.,,这家工厂已开始逐渐使用新机器以提高自动化程度Phrase,,machinery and equipment,机器及设备,,construction machinery,建筑机械；施工机械,,agricultural machinery,农业机械,,textile machinery,纺织机械,,machinery parts,机件，零件,,processing machinery,加工机械,,machinery plant,机器制造厂,,machinery equipment,机器设备,,electrical machinery,电力机械,,,,,,logistic,,adj.,后勤学的；,[,数,],符号逻辑的,,例：,Increased field coordination of technical, operational and logistic support is likewise needed.,,同样需要增加对技术、业务和后勤支持的现场协调。
UNICEF is carrying out social mobilization activities, raising awareness of the disease in the community and also providing additional logistic support and equipment.,,联合国儿童基金会正在开展社会动员活动，提高社区对该病的认识，并且还提供补充后勤支持和设备The strategy of ring vaccination emerged and was validated, vastly simplifying operational and logistic demands.,,环带免疫战略的产生和验证，极大地简化了操作和物流需求Phrase,,logistic management,物流管理；后勤管理；运筹管理,,logistic regression,逻辑回归；罗吉斯回归,,,,inventory,,n.,存货，存货清单；详细目录；财产清册,,例：,This concept appears in manufacturing where they count both scrap and,inventory,.,,此概念会出现在制造业，在其中会计算废料和存货。
Some of the information in these rows is either duplicate or irrelevant for,inventory,projection.,,在这些行中，有些信息是重复的，或者与库存反映无关If one of the manufacturing points operates too quickly, it will build up an,inventory,for the next station to consume.,,如果其中一个制造点运作的太快，那么就将生成需要下一个岗位来消耗的存货Phrase,,inventory management,存货管理,,inventory control,存货控制；存货管理,,take inventory,实地清点盘存；编制,...,清单,,inventory cost,存货成本,,inventory system,库存系统；盘存制度；存储系统,,inventory level,库存量；存货水准,,inventory accounting,存货会计；存货核算,,inventory turnover,存货周转,,physical inventory,实际库存；实地盘存；盘点数量,,,Exercise:,,I. Answer the following questions according to the text:,1. What is the main topic of the passage?,,The topic of the passage is Risks in International Business.,,2. What do you know about the international risks?,,,,Just as there are reasons to get into global markets, and benefits from global markets, there are also risks involved in locating companies in certain countries. Each country may have its potentials; it also has its woes that are associated with doing business with major companies. Some of the rogue countries may have all the natural minerals but the risks involved in doing business in those countries exceed the benefits.,,5,. What are the reasons for operational risk?,,,This is caused by the assets and financial capital that aid in the day-to-day business operations. The breakdown of machineries, supply and demand of the resources and products, shortfall of the goods and services, lack of perfect logistic and inventory will lead to inefficiency of production.,,6. What,’,s the relationship between political actions and instability and operation of a company?,,The political actions and instability may make it difficult for companies to operate efficiently in these countries due to negative publicity and impact created by individuals in the top government.,,7. What,’,s the influence of culture and instability of a country on operating a company?,,The culture or the instability of a country may create risks that may make it difficult for multinational companies to operate safely, effectively, and efficiently.,,8. How to manage international risks?,,Do your homework before entering a foreign market. Do not enter any nation without being fully aware of the unique risks and issues presented by that nation. Asses political risks and the legal environment as well as the business and competitive environment, and develop strategies to minimize or circumvent these risks. Study the histories of local and international companies in the specific country and industry to gain deeper insight into what your own experience may be like. Pay careful attention to exchange rates, including their histories and expected future actions. Utilize the services of local consulting firms specializing in international investment. These firms will have thorough knowledge of the challenges and opportunities presented to international businesses in their specific country. Accept only letters of credit from trusted banks.,Word Practice,,Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the text. The initial letter of each word has been supplied for you,.,1. The new government e________ his estate for military purposes.,,2. They opened an office abroad in order to c________ the tax laws.,,3. She has cried the blues about its financial w________.,,4. Ancient artworks were r________ from the US to Greece.,,5. There will soon be a s________ in supply of qualified young people.,1. expropriated 2. circumvent 3. woes 4. repatriated 5. shortfall,6. The t________ in his life has come from accidents and illness.,,7. He carefully drew a bead on the r________ elephant and shot it dead.,,8. The fire at the factory was caused by s________.,,9. Their h________ looks showed that he was unwelcome.,,10. He applied for e________ to university 3 years ago.,6. turbulence 7. rogue 8. sabotage 9. hostile 10. entrant,,Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words or phrases given in the box. Change the forms where necessary.,,associate with lack of due to lead to stem from pay attention to specialize in pull out of deal with couple... with,,,1,. All our achievements are ________ his support.,,2. We should ________ every case on its merits.,,3. In given conditions, a bad thing can ________ good results.,1. due to 2. deal with 3. lead to,4. From the ground, we could see the plane ________ its steep descent.,,5. Her interest in flowers ________ her childhood in the country.,,6. Many students ________ engineering.,,7. Mother warned the boys not to ________ bad companions.,,8. No ________ his advice.,,9. We ________ the pump ________ the engine.,,10. The flowers are wilting for ________ water.,4. pull out of 5. stem from 6. specialize in 7. associate with 8. pay attention to 9. coupled…with 10. lack of,Translation,,Translate the following sentences into English:,1.,我们达成了增加工资的新协议。
2.,组织饥荒救济工作涉及繁重的安排协调问题3.,在犯罪侦查中,,,刑事警察主要的策略有主动干预侦查与被动干预侦查两种4.,希望在她的新岗位上，她的才干能够比以往得到更好的发挥5.,她的许多烦恼使她受到压抑1. We bargained a new wage increase.,,2. Organizing famine relief presents huge logistic problems.,,3. When investigating crime, the main choice of strategies has been presented as between reactive and,proactive,policing.,,4. It is to be hoped that in her new job her talents will be better utilized than before.,,5. She was oppressed by her many woes.,V. Reading comprehension,,Read the text carefully, and choose the best answer.,,As concern about swine flu sweeps the globe, the best way to protect yourself from contracting it or other infectious diseases is with a dose of common sense: Wash your hands frequently, cover your coughs and sneezes and stay home from work or school if you feel ill.,,These guidelines may seem basic, but they,’,re effective in warding off the spread of infections. Richard Besser, acting director of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), said,,“,Control of an outbreak of infectious disease is a shared responsibility. It,’,s important that individuals realize they have a key role to play in reducing their own likelihood of getting infected.,”,,Specifically, people are wise to wash their hands often with soap and warm water for 15 to 20 seconds at a time or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer if water isn,’,t accessible. The CDC also recommends avoiding touching your eyes, nose and mouth to prevent the spread of germs.,,,Symptoms of swine flu are similar to those of regular seasonal influenza. People with swine flu often get a fever, headache, cough, sore throat, body aches, chills and fatigue. Some also have gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea or vomiting.,,Swine flu is a virus that usually affects pigs but appears to have acquired the ability to pass from person to person, though it,’,s unclear how easily it can be transmitted this way.,,If you become sick, stay home for the period of infection, which is typically seven days, although children may be contagious for longer. Once on the mend, don,’,t return to work or school until at least a day after symptoms have disappeared, Besser said.,,“,Wearing a face mask when out in public isn,’,t warranted in most cases,,”,he said.,“,I know some people feel more comfortable having a mask, and there are certain circumstances where that may be of value, but I would rather people really focus on hand-washing, as well as covering coughs and sneezes.,”,,Other social practices may need to be adjusted, such as the salutary kiss that,’,s customary in some regions.,,“,If you,’,re in an affected area or you have the swine flu, it,’,s probably best not to give a kiss,,”,Besser said.,“,But we,’,re not recommending the end of affection during the period.,”,1. To protect yourself from swine flu, it is a good idea to __________. A) have baths frequently B) cover your coughs and sneezes C) stay home from work or school if you feel tired D) eat an apple every day,,2. The underlined phrase,“,warding off,”,in the second paragraph can be replaced by,“,_______,”,. A) investigating B) increasing C) preventing D) decreasing,,3. What does Richard Besser mean by saying,“,Control of... getting infected.,”,?,,A) It is the government,’,s responsibility to fight against infectious diseases.,,B) It is the patients,’,responsibility to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.,,C) It is everybody,’,s responsibility to control the outbreak of infectious diseases.,,D) It is doctors,’,and experts,’,responsibility to fight against infectious diseases.,,4. According to the passage, what do we know about swine flu?,,A) Swine flu can be transmitted easily among pigs but not among people.,,B) Symptoms of swine flu are different from those of regular seasonal influenza.,,C) People with swine flu often get a stomachache, headache and toothache.,,D) Swine flu is a virus that has acquired the ability to pass from person to person.,,,,,5. What does Richard Besser think of wearing a face mask? A) It can protect people from getting infected. B) It can make people feel comfortable and is affordable.,,C) It isn,’,t as effective as hand-washing and covering your mouth when you cough or sneeze.,,D) It is more effective than hand-washing and covering coughs and sneezes.,,,,,1. B,,2. C,,3. C,,4. D,,5. C,Writing,,Order,,An order is a request for the supply of a specific quantity of goods. It may result from the buyers,’,acceptance or confirmation of a firm offer made by the sellers or result from the sellers,’,acceptance or confirmation of a counter-offer made by the buyers.,,I. Structure,,1. description of the goods, such as specification, size, quantity, quality and article number (if any);,,2. prices (unit prices as well as total prices);,,3. terms of payment;,,4. mode of packing;,,5. time of transportation, port of destination and time of shipment, etc.,II. Forms of an order,,1. Initial order,,This is an order placed according to the seller,’,s quotation, pricelist and samples.,,2. Order sheet,,An order sheet is a ready-made form for placing an order, the contents of which are somewhat like that of an offer, including all the terms and conditions concerning the transaction.,,3. Purchase confirmation,,When an order is sent by cable/telex/fax, it is usually followed by a written purchase confirmation in which all the particulars of the transaction are detailed.,II. Sample of Order:,Dear sirs,,,Thank you very much for your letter of 15th June with model and pricelists. We have chosen COMPAQ 1200+ for which we enclosed order No. 988. The goods are urgently required, so prompt delivery will be most appreciated.,,Order No. 988,,FEI Corporation,,New York, USA,,Dear sirs,,,Please supply:,,Quantity: 1,,000 sets,,Article: COMPAQ 1200+,,Price: $ 870 per set,,Delivery: August,,Packing: Each set to be packed in a plastic box, with a wooden case as an outer package.,,Insurance: WA for 10% over the invoice amount.,,Marks: As usual with our previous orders.,,Terms: Draft at sight under an irrevocable Letter of Credit.,,We have instructed our bank to open a Letter of Credit for the amount of this order. You will soon hear from your bank.,Assignment,,,,有意订购对方公司某牌号电脑、彩电,,数量：电脑：,1,,000,台，彩电：,2,,000,台,,价格：,CIF,上海，包括我方,5%,的佣金,,电脑：每台,800,美元,,彩电：每台,750,美元,,付款方式：装船前,30,天开立,90,天期信用证,,包装：适合于海运的出口包装,,交货日期：,9,月,Suggested Answer:,,,ABC INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE CORPORATION,,Tel: 12345678 Fax: 23456789,,ORDER FORM,,Order No. 987 July 20, 2011,,Messrs. JB SimPSON & CO. LTD,,18 Deansgate Blackpool,,Please supply the following items,,Description: A: SA-135 PC,,B: VT-462 color TV,,Quantity: A: 1 000,,B: 2 000,,Unit Price: CIF, Shanghai inclusive our 。
