


Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,11/7/2009,#,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,专业口译人才训练原则与方法,广东外语外贸大学,高级翻译学院,仲伟合,专业口译人才训练原则与方法,口译的种类与特征,译员的知识结构,口译专业课程设置,口译训练内容,口译训练原则,口译训练方法,口译教材,1.口译的种类与特征,交替传译(Consecutive Interpreting),随从传译(Personal Interpreting),联络口译(Liaison Interpreting),同声传译(Simultaneous Interpreting),视译(On-Sight Interpreting),咬耳传译(Whispering,Interpreting),1.口译的种类与特征,口译的特征:,口译是技术,口译是艺术,2.译员的知识结构,Daniel Giles Formula:,C=KL+ELK+A,Comprehension=Knowledge for language,+Extra-linguistic Language+Analysis,2.译员的知识结构,Lin Yuru et.al,I=S+C+P,Interpreting=Interpreting Skills+Comprehension+Production,2.译员的知识结构,Knowledge Requirement Formula:,KI=KL+EK+S(P+AP),KI=Knowledge Required for an Interpreter,KL=Knowledge for Language,EK=Encyclopedic Knowledge,S=(P+AP)=Professional Interpreting Skills+Artistic Presentation Skills,2.译员的知识结构,S(P+AP)=Professional Interpreting Skills and Artistic Presentation Skills,即技能版块=职业口译技能-包括记忆、笔记、信息综述与重组、译前准备等,艺术表达技能-即以科学的手段、艺术性完成口译过程的技能,如口译的应对策略就属于艺术技能的范畴。
2.译员的知识结构,将译员的知识结构划为“语言知识版块、百科知识版块、技能版块”三个版块可以为口译的培训提供一个课程设置框架,因为上述知识的习得一方面靠译员本人的勤奋努力,另一方面还是要靠专业的培训才能完成另外,了解口译活动对译员的知识要求,也可为那些希望自习口译技能的学员提供一定的指导作用3.口译专业课程设置,根据,K,=,KI=KL+EK+S(P+AP),这一公式,说明对职业译员进行培训所涉及到的不仅仅是“口译技能”的训练专业的口译训练应以“口译技能”训练为核心,在其课程设置方面应考虑同时开设以下几组课程:,3.口译专业课程设置,1.语言技能与语言知识课程,2.百科知识课程,3.口译技能课程,语言技能与语言知识课程,双语能力的培养是口译培训的重要内容之一口译训练中的语言知识与技能训练重点应放在语篇分析能力(Discourse Analysis)与交际能力(Communicative Competence)的培养在口译作为专业方向开设的院校,语言能力的培训则更为重要在这些机构往往会因为过分强调“口译技能”的训练而忽略了口译的基础-语言能力这类课程应该同时包括对母语能力提高的教学内容百科知识课程,这类课程可以采取以下几种形式来满足。
a)借助大学本身的辅修课程、选修课程来满足b)开设百科知识研讨课(Seminar),邀请各行各业的专家为学生讲座C)根据社会的需求适度地开设特定领域的专业课口译专业要求的“知识型课程”是概述型、或术语介绍型如果说由培训机构提供的百科知识课程是“Something”,那么学员应该清楚做一个好的译员还要了解“Everything”学员自己始终要保持对新知识的兴趣,平时多些阅读或利用互联网在网上浏览,日积月累,掌握各种知识,以求“通专兼备”口译技能课程,这是口译训练的核心课程包括口译员(会议传译、随从口译、联略口译)应掌握的多种技能这类课程的安排有以下几种情况:(a)以专题为主线开设口译课(在一般外语院校仅开设连续传译课程),技能的训练穿插在各个专题材料的口译练习中这种做法在只开设普通口译课的院校中比较普遍,口译技能课程,(b)以口译技能为主线进行教学安排,循序渐进,逐步使学员完全掌握口译技能以技能为主线设计教学内容并非忽略口译专题的重要性题材的训练可以作为辅助口译技能课程,在翻译院系,条件许可的情况下可以考虑两种方式都采取以(b)作为技能的介绍,以(a)作为技能的强化我们在以往的教学中往往忽略了“艺术表达技能”的训练。
艺术表达技能”能帮助译员在正确翻译的同时能够“优美地翻译”;“艺术表达技能”还包括译员在口译过程中采用的应对策略(Coping Tactics)口译技能课程,Gile 对技能的教学是这样论述的:,Basically,they skills are taught within the framework of practical exercises.In most training programmes,this is done by trial and correction,with trial on the students part and corrections from the instructor.Such corrections are generally normative;instructors sometimes refer to the communication impact of the tactics in order to explain their preferences,but are not necessarily aware of other factors which influence them.(1995),口译技能课程,Giles认为口译技能是在口译实践中,由学生试译、教师矫正的方式来传授的。
因此,在课堂创造逼真的口译情景非常重要.,在教学实践中,以Simulation(模拟)与Role Play(角色扮演)最为有效模拟”即是在课堂模拟真实的口译情景,如同声传译的模拟会议等.,口译技能课程,Giles认为口译技能是在口译实践中,由学生试译、教师矫正的方式来传授的因此,在课堂创造逼真的口译情景非常重要在教学实践中,以Simulation(模拟)与Role Play(角色扮演)最为有效模拟”即是在课堂模拟真实的口译情景,如同声传译的模拟会议等4.口译训练的内容,Daniel Giles Formula,For Simultaneous Interpreting,SI=L+M+P+C,Simultaneous Interpreting=,Listening Analysis,+Short-term Memory Effort,+Speech Production,4.口译训练的内容,For Consecutive Interpreting,Phase I:CI=L+N+M+C,Consecutive Interpreting=,Listening Analysis,+Note-taking,+Short-term Memory,+Coordination,4.口译训练的内容,Phase II:CI=Rem+Read+P,Consecutive Interpreting=,Remembering,+Note-reading,+Speech Production,Xiada Model,A(D+CC),C(SL+K),R(TL+K),S+P,I,A(D+CC)represents,the,analysis(A),which the interpreter uses in both comprehension of the message and reconstruction of the message.The analysis has two main components,discourse analysis(D),and,cross-cultural understanding(CC).,The circle overlaps the other two circles because,A(D+CC),applies to both the circles,as is indicated by the downward arrows.,C(SL+K),represents,comprehension(C),of the,source language(SL),which is aided by,extra-linguistic or encyclopedic knowledge(K).,R(TL+K)represents,reconstruction in,the target language(TL),which is also informed by,extra-linguistic or encyclopedic knowledge(K).,S+P,represents the,skills and techniques(S),which an interpreter uses in a professional way and to,a professional standard(P),in performing the interpreting.,I,stand for Interpreting.,4.口译训练的内容,For Consecutive Interpreting:,Short-term Memory,Note-taking,Note-reading,Coping Tactics,Principles of CI understanding,Analysis of Speech Types,Identification of Main Ideas,Reconstruction of Information,Interpreting Figures,4.口译训练的内容,For Consecutive Interpreting,Interpreting Preparation,Public Speech Skills,Cross-Cultural Communication,Professional Standard,4.口译训练的内容,For Simultaneous Interpreting,Cultivation of Split Attention,Shadowing Exercises,Note-taking,Listening Comprehension,Reformulation,Parsing Skills,Simplificataion,Generalization,4.口译训练的内容,Omission,Explanation,Anticipation,Preparation,On-sight Interpreting,Error Correction,Relay,Team Work Skills,Use of Facilities,5.口译训练原则,1技能性原则。
口译是一门技术性很强的语言艺术,因此在口译训练与教学中应该以向学生传授“口译技能”为主要训练原则,辅以不同题材的语篇来强化口译技能的。